Integration of Heterogeneous Database free essay sample

Resource integration of heterogeneous database interoperability federated database 1. Introduction Heterogeneous database interoperability issues as a database research in the field hot and difficult issues at home and abroad, academic and industrial sectors have attracted wide attention. Since the 20th century, since the 80s, many foreign companies and research institutes to the integration of heterogeneous databases to conduct a large number of studies and achieved a lot of results, but the domestic research on the integration of heterogeneous databases is still in its early stage. The concept of heterogeneous database interoperability   Heterogeneous Databases (Heterogeneous Database) database technology integration is a completely centralized logical focus, physical distribution (traditional distributed database) as well as the logical distribution, physical distribution (heterogeneous database) the results of this development process, but also take into account existing systems self Sexual and achieve the reality of the new data-sharing needs of effective means. Heterogeneous database heterogeneous features include two levels: system level and language level, heterogeneous, mainly reflected in the following areas. We will write a custom essay sample on Integration of Heterogeneous Database or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Computer architecture, heterogeneous: respectively, each participating database can run on mainframes, minicomputers, workstations, PC or embedded system. * Heterogeneous operating systems: each database system is based on the operating system can be Unix, Windows NT, Linux and so on. of heterogeneous database management systems: a conceptual model of heterogeneous database. There are levels, network, relational and object-oriented 4; the other is the physical model of heterogeneous database: the conceptual model refers to the same but the data structure is different, such as the relationship between Oracle and SQL Server the same type, but the structure is different. The realization of interoperability of heterogeneous database consists of three functional elements: 1. o provide users with powerful and flexible operation of interoperable visual interface through which users can intuitively transparent access to multiple heterogeneous databases; 2. to provide high-level language database access call-level interface, as call-level interface, designers can achieve the level depending on the specific situation may be clear; 3. to support environmental and open, if possible, should also support the implementation language open. Heterogeneous database system aimed at achieving data between different databases of information resources, hardware and human resources of the combined and shared. Heterogeneous database systems integration is to a different database systems, operating systems, different operating platforms of different or the blocking of different underlying network, enabling users to heterogeneous database system can be regarded as an ordinary database system, with their own familiar data-processing language to access the database, as access to a database system, like its transparent operation. . to achieve heterogeneous database interoperability approach The face of heterogeneous database interoperability requirements, mainly from the two simultaneous efforts: First, establish standards, that is to establish a unified database of norms, standards eliminate the imperfect system resulting from the differences between various databases; second is to build interoperability of heterogeneous database platforms, achieve transparent access to multiple heterogeneous databases. With a database interoperability issues in-depth study, based on different perspectives, many researchers have put forward a viable heterogeneous database interoperability channel, these channels to achieve interoperability of the depth, breadth and height vary both in their respective to adapt to the specific environment and needs. The core idea of the database from heterogeneous starting to realize interoperable way to be summarized in two categories. 3. 1 system-level heterogeneous interoperability DBMS system for heterogeneous network environment database interoperability, the main there are four means of realization. * Database Gateway (Database Gateway) Database Gateway is a repeater; it can provide application-level integration of heterogeneous database tools. Gateways primary role is to convert and communications. Database Gateway can establish more stable and transparent database interoperability, but its shortcomings are obvious. Such as do not care about how to shield the heterogeneity between databases and does not upport transaction processing, resource redundancy, the user is limited in the database vendor cannot arbitrarily select the client platform and target database and so on. Database Gateway compared to more public agreements, scalability and openness, can better realize the transparency of heterogeneous database access, support for multiple network protocols and multiple client platforms, heterogeneous database interoperability to achieve an effective way to one. Public License / data transfer protocol drawback is that the agreement itself inefficiencies brought about by speed. * Public Programming Interface Common Programming Interface, including customer application programming interface (CAPI) and server application programming interface (SAPI). CAPI is a set of process libraries, usually resides on the client, through the back-end load specific drivers to access different databases. SAPI provides an application programming interface to control the server and client application requests and the interaction between the target database. Such as Microsoft, ODBC, Oracles SQL * NET, as well as IDAPI. Its advantages are: By providing a unified call-level interface, allowing users to remove the application database with the changes of the pain; through the API allows applications to manipulate data in the database directly. Database access APIs weaknesses are: a database for each one needs to have one with their corresponding drivers; due to different drivers supported by the data types and operations on the data are not the same as its fully transparent access to heterogeneous database capacity is limited; to achieve efficiency in over-reliance on the driver and the driver of the standard grammar into the corresponding database command syntax to spend a lot of time. Middleware is in the application and the application is located between the way the inner workings of the system software, and its basic idea is that in all the back-end data sources and front-end application to establish a layer of abstraction between. The application and system software at a lower level details of the attachment and complexity of segregation, so that application developers to deal only with certain types of a single API, and other details can be handled by the middleware. This allows the system to the operation of each of the different data sources into a single operation of the middleware, while the later pairs of middleware for heterogeneous processing. The use of heterogeneous database integration middleware technology to solve the problem, this will bring a lot of system integration benefits. This is because the middleware can not only make front-end user access to heterogeneous back-end databases to achieve transparency and to ensure the openness of the access interface, so you can make the system function in the future expansion easier. To access the database through the middleware Another advantage is that all client requests are sent to the middleware, reduce the burden on the database server to ensure that the database servers performance does not decrease. Meanwhile, the adoption of middleware greatly enhance the maintainability of the system, a logic within the system changes, as long as the change in the corresponding middle-tier processing, front user interface does not require any changes, so will be greatly reduced the system maintenance costs. 3. heterogeneous data structure and semantic-level interoperability. At present, the data structure and semantics for a heterogeneous database interoperability research are closely coupled and loosely coupled two kinds of thinking, specifically embodied in the multi-database systems, federated database systems and distributed database systems are three ways. 1. Multi-database system The so-called multi-database system is a way to accept and accommodate multiple heterogeneous database systems, allowing the various heterogeneous database of autonomy. Multi-database system is a broad concept, as opposed to, such as a centralized database systems or distributed database system that logically have the same management system for the purposes of its diversity and distribution in order for the main features. Multiple refers to the difference between its number of centralized or distributed database system; distribution refers to the data in different venues of database systems, by the respective management systems to manage. Multi-database technology, the goal is to achieve the interoperability between multiple databases, to address the resource-sharing database, to find a technical way. Commonly used distributed, heterogeneous, autonomous features as a measure to characterize the three multi-database system. Using this method, users need to explicitly specify the database to be accessed. Multi-database system uses a bottom-up methods. 2. Distributed Database (Distributed Database) The basic idea of distributed database is to abandon the original database system in a networked environment to establish the distribution of the database system, architecture, transaction processing models, and other aspects of re-engineering in order to address information sharing and interoperability issues. Distributed database system is divided into homogeneous and heterogeneous distributed database distributed database. Such as Oracle, Sybase, Informix and so on are all homogeneous distributed database system, the realization of such systems is relatively easier. Heterogeneous distributed database management systems are mostly some of the existing database management system based on the realized. 3. Federal Database (Federated Database) Federated database system is a distributed database network technology and the inevitable result of technological development, it is by a group to coordinate the work, but also the independent and autonomous component databases. It can be the original non-distributed, they can be distributed, with a distributed, autonomous, heterogeneous three characteristics. Federated database and distributed database systems are distinguished: a distributed database system while physically dispersed, but because there is a unified data model and the global data model, so it is logically centralized, so users feel is a complete database. Obviously, such systems can be used for a specific area of the system, but not suitable for different areas of integration between heterogeneous systems. On the contrary, the Federal-style database system is composed of loosely coupled at different nodes of the heterogeneous distribution of members of the database structure, among the members of the Federation as a loose combination. Constitute the members of the Federation can be a centralized database, it can be a distributed database, they can be required (by some combination of) joined the Federation, or as needed secede. Federated databases are not global schema, each subsystem (ie, the federal member) according to their own needs to develop their own data model. Data-sharing among its members, relations, through a consultation to determine the input / output mode to create a single member of the right to refuse or to allow other members of the nodes that access to it. Therefore, it can support multi-database systems are distributed, heterogeneous and autonomous, thus producing satisfactory integration. Interoperability of heterogeneous database technology makes database in the original technology to play an important role, in the future new areas of application also has important implications, such as the Earth Observing System EOSDIS, e-commerce, healthcare information systems, digital publishing, collaborative design, etc.

Critically discuss the extent to which the duty to make reasonable adjustments has eliminated discrimination and inequality of opportunity faced by disabled individuals The WritePass Journal

Critically discuss the extent to which the duty to make reasonable adjustments has eliminated discrimination and inequality of opportunity faced by disabled individuals Introduction Critically discuss the extent to which the duty to make reasonable adjustments has eliminated discrimination and inequality of opportunity faced by disabled individuals ) Cases Archibald v Fife Council [2004] IRLR 651 Burke v Clinton Cards October 2010, ET/2900622/09 Chief Constable of South Yorkshire police v Jelic [2010] UKEAT 0491/09/2904 Nottinghamshire County Council v Miekle [2004] EWCA Civ 859 O’Hanlon v Commission for HM Customs [2006] IRLR 840 Tarbuck v Sainsbury Supermarkets Ltd [2006] IRLR 664 The Secretary of State for Work and Pensions v Wilson UKEAT/0289/09 Wilson v DWP [2010] EAT/0289/09 Wynn v Multipulse Electronics Ltd 22 October 2007, Case Number: 2301416/07 Government Report Equality of Human Rights Commission, ‘Equality Act 2010 Code of Practice’ Legislation Disability Discrimination Act 1995 Equality Act 2010 Website Rebecca English (The Daily Mail) â€Å"I was banished to the stockroom, says disabled shop girl now suing Abercrombie Fitch for discrimination† available at dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1192674/I-banished-stockroom-says-disabled-shop-girl-suing-AbercrombieFitch-discrimination.html accessed 9 May 2014 Equality Human Rights Commission ‘Reasonable adjustments’ equalityhumanrights.com/advice-and-guidance/education-providers-schools-guidance/key-concepts/reasonable-adjustments/ accessed 13 May 2014 Gov.uk, ‘Reasonable adjustments for disabled workers’ https://www.gov.uk/reasonable-adjustments-for-disabled-workers accessed 13 May 2014 HSE ‘The law’ hse.gov.uk/disability/law.htm accessed 13 May 2014 Samira Shackle (NewStatesman) ‘How legal aid cuts are harming the voiceless and most vulnerable’ (13 January 2014) newstatesman.com/politics/2014/01/how-legal-aid-cuts-are-harming-voiceless-and-most-vulnerable accessed 13 May 2014 Xpert HR, ‘Disability discrimination awards 2011/12’ xperthr.co.uk/quick-reference/disability-discrimination-awards-201112/114296/ accessed 9 May 2014

A critical analysis of schools of strategic management Essay

A critical analysis of schools of strategic management - Essay Example Strategic management is the way of finding gaps in the current performance of the organization and to design, formulate and implement new steps in order to fill these gaps and to align the organizational functions with the pre settled objectives. It is the method of aligning all the activities being undertaken in the organization such as management, marketing, research and development and Computer information system in a prescribed way to achieve the goals of the organization.In order to effectively undertake the process of strategic planning and implementation different thinkers have presented theories, which have been divide into different schools of thoughts. The paper undertakes a comprehensive critical analysis of the underlying assumptions, perspectives and paradigmatic stance taken in these models. The chosen schools of thoughts are:The first step namely the strategy formulation involves the development of the business mission, evaluation of the opportunities and threats faced by the business organization in the business, by using tools such as SWOT analysis, examining the strengths and weaknesses of the business, determining the long term objectives of the business and designing the new strategies to eke in the process of achieving the new targets. It also include the processes to determine the investment direction, the business markets to be addressed, extension of the operations of the business, limitations faced by the business in order to undertake the business activities. ... The classic models for developing strategy, known as the SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis and called the "Design School Model" by Mintzberg et al. (1998) has been presented in the proceeding section. SWOT Analysis: So strategies are SO, WO, ST, and WT Strategies to take advantage of external opportunities. All managers would like their organizations to be in position where internal strengths can be used to take advantage of external trends and events. Organizations generally will pursue WO, ST, or WT Strategies in order to get into a situation where they can apply SO Strategies. When a firm has major weaknesses, it will strive to overcome them and make them strengths. When an organization faces major threats, it will seek to avoid them in order to concentrate on opportunities. As indicated in the Information Technology Perspective, immense opportunities are available to many firms today from wireless communication advances in technology. (David, 180) WO Strategies aim at improving internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities. Sometimes key external opportunities exist, but a firm has internal weaknesses that prevent it from exploiting those opportunities. For example, there may be a high demand for electronic devices to control the amount and timing of fuel injection in automobile engines (opportunity), but a certain auto parts manufacturer may lack the technology required for producing these devices (weakness). One possible WO Strategy would be to acquire this technology by forming a joint venture with a firm having competency in this area. An alternative WO Strategy would be to hire and train people with the required technical capabilities (David, 180). ST Strategies use

Sociology Human Services Review 1200words or less - Materials Provided Essay

Sociology Human Services Review 1200words or less - Materials Provided - Essay Example In the business of caring, the first phase – caring about - involves the recognition that there is a need to render care for somebody. Someone who is suffering from AIDS, for example, may be too debilitated in the latter stage of the disease to be able to do things on his own. At this stage, that person will need another to do things that he would have normally done personally like shopping for his basic needs, prepare his food, and do his laundry. The first stage of caring involves the recognition and understanding that the AIDS victim is helpless and needs caring – a stage called caring about that person. The next stage called taking care of involves deciding and assuming the responsibility of taking care of a particular person in need of caring. In the illustration of the AIDS victim, the second stage would involve deciding to take on the responsibility of taking care of the needs of the victim like doing his grocery and shopping, preparing his food and helping him g et on with the his daily basic chores. The third stage or care-giving involves the actual care being given to the person identified as needing care. Thus, the person or group who has decided to assume the responsibility of helping the AIDS victim at this stage now actually and physically renders the necessary help. And the final stage which is care-receiving, involves the recognition and the acceptance of the object of the care of the care being rendered to him (Tronto 1993 pp196-107). Normally, the different caring phases come one after the other and interconnect smoothly. However, there may be instances and cases when these phases conflict with each other. In the care of the aged for example, there are issues which complicate care for the aged although it is understood and accepted that these sector of society really need care. Some of these issues include the participation of the labor force and the maintenance of

Menstruation Disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Menstruation Disorders - Research Paper Example A menstrual disorder will affect the woman normal menstrual cycle, and the disorders include painful menses, abnormally heavy bleeding and lack of menses. Normal menstruation is bound to occur during the years of puberty and menopause. Also referred to as â€Å"period† entails a process where blood flows from the uterus to the cervix and out of the vagina. Some women will experience emotional and physical symptoms during the time of menstruation while another will not and such factors may disrupt a woman’s normal life in a number of ways. It is essential for the reproductive-aged woman to understand their menstrual cycles and some of the orders that are bound to occur to be able to prevent, manage them and seek medical attention. Most of these disorders have straightforward explanations and treatments options that exist to help in relieving the symptoms. It is essential for a woman experiencing irregularity in their cycle to seek medical attention from a healthcare prof ession (Peacock, Alvi, & Mushtaq, 2012). Major topics in the research paper include the menstrual cycle and its features, the menstrual disorders and their risk factors and the management and complications of the underlying disorders. The menstrual cycle is prepared and regulated by a complex surge of reproductive hormones that work together to prepare the woman body and systems ready for pregnancy. The regions of the body that control these hormones are the hypothalamus in the brain and the pituitary gland that all control six important hormones in the body.

Sugarcane Bagasse Characterization

Sugarcane Bagasse Characterization The major composition of a lignocellulosic biomass is lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose, which is responsible for the structure and rigidity of plant. These components has been reported to have high potential energy and are been widely used as fuel in automobile and industries. The components of the bagasse were chemically characterized by measuring their dry weight. Table # represents the composition of dry sugarcane bagasse analysed in the present study compared with data collected from other research articles. The dissimilarities in composition of lignin and cellulose might be due to genetics variations, growing location, methods of harvesting, growing conditions and analytical procedures. Table 1. Major component of sugarcane bagasse Cellulose (%) Lignin (%) References 46 19.6 Present Study 40.57 25.93 (Zeng, Tong, Wang, Zhu, Ingram, 2014) 25 16.2 (Dhabhai, Jain, Chaurasia, 2012) 40 23 (Irfan, Gulsher, Abbas, Syed, Nadeem, 2011) 45.4 23.4 (Pereira, Jacobus, Cioffi, Mulinari, Luz, 2011) As per the generated data, cellulose content in the bagasse was 46%, which was further reformed into accessible form for the saccharification enzyme. While the lignin constituted 19.6%, thus removal of lignin was carried out by the pre-treatment of bagasse for an efficient enzymatic hydrolysis. Cellulose Unit Activity The AumEnzymes, India generously donated two commercial cellulases, Acid Cellulase and Neutral cellulase. The cellulase activity of Aspergillus terreus, acid cellulase, and neutral cellulase were compared in order to proceed for the optimization of saccharification phase. The International Unit for enzyme activities (IU) of all the three cellulases were based on the total cellulase activity and endoglucanase activity, determined by the CMCase assay and FPU assay respectively. Table# represents the FPU and CMCase activity presented by all the three enzymes. The data in the table# clearly concluded that all the three cellulase have negligible total cellulase activity, while they have a high amount of endoglucanase activity. Table 2. Comparison of Cellulase Activity Cellulase CMCase Activity (IU) FPU Activity (IU) Aspergillus terreus 0.273 0.045 Acid 0.966 0.028 Neutral 0.223 0.000 Which might indicate that all the cellulases has endoglucanase activity but, the negligible exoglucanases activity resulted in considerable reduction in total cellulase activity. Since the Acid cellulase had relatively higher enzyme activity, it was further used as the saccharifying enzyme. The protein content in the Acid cellulose was found using the protein assay and it was found to be 67.67 ÃŽ ¼g/mg of Acid cellulase powder. The specific activity was 14.11 IU/mg of Acid cellulase, indicating that 14.11 ÃŽ ¼mol of sugar is released by 1 mg of Acid cellulase (protein) in one unit. Optimization of alkaline The statistical design used for the microwave assisted alkaline pre-treatment is a four factors (weight of bagasse, power of microwave in wattage, NaOH concentration and the exposure time period) system, the response of the pre-treatment was based on the cellulose composition and reduced lignin after the pre-treatment. The design summary is shown in the Table #. Table 3. Design Summary Study Type: Response Surface Runs: 21 Initial Design: Central Composite Design Model: Quadratic Factor Name Units Low Actual High Actual Low Coded High Coded Mean A Bagasse g% 2.5 10 -1 1 6.25 B Microwave W 100 600 -1 1 350 C NaOH g% 1 5 -1 1 3 D Time minutes 5 10 -1 1 7.5 Response Name Units Analysis Minimum Maximum C.V % R2 Y1 Cellulose g% Polynomial 0 81.2 9.3 0.9679 Y2 Lignin Removal g% Polynomial 0 67.25 8.54 0.9735 The design was a set of 21 runs, combinations of four factor experimental design, based on the RSM and CCD (Tabel#). The RSM is mathematical based system to study the interactions between the factors, while the CCD enables us to deduce an optimal condition for the pre-treatment. Table 4. Test design and results of response surface analysis Factor 1 Factor 2 Factor 3 Factor 4 Response 1 Response 2 Std Run A:Substrate B:Microwave C:NaOH D:Time Cellulose Lignin Removal g W g% minutes g% g% 16 1 6.25 350 3.0 11.7 76.8 48.14 15 2 6.25 350 3.0 3.3 59.2 42.7 6 3 2.50 100 5.0 5.0 55 44.35 21 4 6.25 350 3.0 7.5 72.3 46.7 8 5 2.50 100 1.0 5.0 48.5 35.38 10 6 12.56 350 3.0 7.5 74.6 42.7 13 7 6.25 350 -0.4 7.5 48.25 40 5 8 10.00 100 1.0 10.0 50.6 38.4 9 9 -0.06 350 3.0 7.5 0 0 19 10 6.25 350 3.0 7.5 71.2 46.8 20 11 6.25 350 3.0 7.5 79.5 50.3 2 12 10.00 600 1.0 5.0 56.2 42.7 4 13 2.50 600 1.0 10.0 59.98 48.25 3 14 10.00 100 5.0 10.0 60.6 52.1 11 15 6.25 -70 3.0 7.5 61 48.53 18 16 6.25 350 3.0 7.5 77.1 44.23 7 17 2.50 600 5.0 10.0 75.6 62.5 12 18 6.25 770 3.0 7.5 76.3 67.25 17 19 6.25 350 3.0 7.5 69.7 48.9 1 20 10.00 600 5.0 5.0 71.85 57.23 14 21 6.25 350 6.4 7.5 81.2 60.56 According to the table#, runs #17, #18 and # 21 had maximum lignin removals while the #1, #1 and#21 showed maximum retained cellulose. The quadratic polynomial equations describes the correlation between the significant coefficients i.e. p-value (Prob>F) less than 0.05 and is used to obtain the regression values of coefficients where only significant coefficients are considered. But since this model supports hierarchy, the insignificant coefficients were not omitted. This equation was used to derive the predicted responses for cellulose (equation 1) and lignin removal (equation 2) Equation1 Equation 2 The adequacy of the quadratic model for the experimental responses (cellulose Y1 and lignin removal Y2) was checked using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), which was verified using the Fisher’s statistical model (F-value). The table# shows the ANOVA for Y2 response. Table 5. ANOVA result of quadratic regression model for lignin removal Source Sum of Squares Mean squares F-value p-value (Prob > F) Model 3411.23 14 243.66 15.74 0.0014 significant A-Bagasse 911.65 1 911.65 58.88 0.0003 B-Microwave 175.22 1 175.22 11.32 0.0152 C-NaOH 541.91 1 541.91 35.00 0.001 D-Time 14.80 1 14.80 0.96 0.366 AB 3.88 1 3.88 0.25 0.6347 AC 3.14 1 3.14 0.20 0.6684 AD 0.86 1 0.86 0.06 0.8216 BC 4.67 1 4.67 0.30 0.6028 BD 534.56 1 534.56 34.52 0.0011 CD 2.48 1 2.48 0.16 0.7031 A2 955.51 1 955.51 61.71 0.0002 B2 362.14 1 362.14 23.39 0.0029 C2 74.46 1 74.46 4.81 0.0708 D2 3.95 1 3.95 0.25 0.6317 Residual 92.90 6 15.48 Lack of Fit 71.34 2 35.67 6.62 0.0539 not significant Pure Error 21.56 4 5.39 Cor Total 3504.13 20 ANOVA of the regression model for lignin removal had 15.74 â€Å"F-value† which described that the model is significant and also defined that there is only 0.14% chance that a â€Å"Model F-value† this large could arise due to noise. Since the â€Å"p-value† 0.0014, lesser than 0.005, it indicates that the lignin removal is sensitive to the coefficients/factors in the model. In other words weight of bagasse (A), microwave exposure (B), NaOH (C), BD, A2 and B2 have strong influence on the lignin removal. The p-value 0.0011 for BD (B-coded for microwave, D-coded for time), indicates the strong mutual interaction between B and D in removal of lignin. The â€Å"Lack of Fit F-value† of 6.62 justifies that there are 5.39% chances that such large values of â€Å"Lack of Fit F-value† might occur due to noise, where lack of fit is an error that would occur when one of the factor is omitted from the process model. Another statistical measurement that is a sig nal to noise is the ‘‘Adequate precision’’. The desirable ratio is greater than 4, as such the Adeq Precision value is 20.22, this model can be used to navigate design space and further optimization. â€Å"Multiple correlation corfficient or R2† value denotes the correlation between observed and predicted values, i.e. if the value is closer to 1, it means better correlation. In this case the R2 value is 0.9735, indicating better agreement between experimental values and predicted values. The â€Å"coefficient of variation (CV)† indicates the degree of precision to which the experiments are compared. The lower reliability of the experiment is usually indicated by a high value of CV. In the present case the CV value is low (8.5%) indicates a good precision and reliability of the experiment. At the same time, Adjusted determination coefficient (Adj R2)† was high specifies improved precision and reliability of the conducted experiments. The 3D surface plot illustrated below (Figure#) shows co-operative effect of microwaves and NaOH on the removal of lignin. From the plot, it can be predicted that with rise the concentration of NaOH and high powered microwaves exposure a increased degradation of lignin was observed, maximum lignin removal is observed with 5% NaOH concentration and microwave irradiation with power of 600W. But the low power microwaves and NaOH concentrations had no substantial removal of lignin. Figure 1. Co-operative effect of Microwaves and NaOH on lignin removal The second response considered in the pre-treatment was the amount of cellulose retained (Y1) after the process. The ANOVA of quadratic regression model for cellulose retained after pre-treatment illustrated in Table # is a significant model as evident from the Fishers F-test value (12.91) with a very low probability value [(Prob > F) = 0.0165]. This also indicates that there is only 0.24% chance that the F-value occurs due to errors during the experiments. Among model terms A, C, BD and A2 are also significant with probability of 99%. The interaction between B and D significant effect on increase in cellulose retaining response. The goodness of fit of the model was checked by determination coefficient (R2). In this case, the value of the R2 (0.9676) indicates that only 3.24% of the total variation between experimental values and predicted values are not explained by the model. The value of the adjusted determination coefficient (Adj. R2=0.8929) was also high, at the same time a rela tively lower value of the coefficient of variation (C.V. = 9.3%) which indicates model is significant and the conducted experiment is consistent and has a good precision. The level of noise that affected the model is also very low, i.e. 11.16% determined using the Lack of Fit F-value (3.99). The Adequate Precision (15.608) for this model is greater than 4, this suggests the model can be used for navigating the design space and optimizing the experiment. Table 6. ANOVA result of quadratic regression model for cellulose concentration after pre-treatment Source Sum of Squares df Mean Squares F-value p-value (Prob > F) Model 6226.99 14 444.79 12.91 0.0024 significant A-Bagasse 2782.58 1 2782.58 80.76 0.0001 B-Microwave 117.05 1 117.05 3.40 0.1149 C-NaOH 779.62 1 779.62 22.63 0.0031 D-Time 154.88 1 154.88 4.49 0.0783 AB 36.72 1 36.72 1.07 0.3417 AC 1.56 1 1.56 0.05 0.8387 AD 8.14 1 8.14 0.24 0.6441 BC 27.27 1 27.27 0.79 0.4079 BD 1626.88 1 1626.88 47.21 0.0005 CD 1.51 1 1.51 0.04 0.8414 A^2 2013.06 1 2013.06 58.42 0.0003 B^2 4.08 1 4.08 0.12 0.7426 C^2 54.52 1 54.52 1.58 0.2552 D^2 8.46 1 8.46 0.25 0.6379 Residual 206.74 6 34.46 Lack of Fit 137.67 2 68.83 3.99 0.1116 not significant Pure Error 69.07 4 17.27 Cor Total 6433.73 20 Figure # is a 3D response surface plot generated for 6.25 g of bagasse and 7.5 minutes of treatment by the regression mode, illustrates the effect of microwave irradiation (B) and NaOH (C) variables and the interactive effects of each on the cellulose concentration. It can be observed that by increasing both factors B and C results in increased cellulose concentration. The shading on the graph indicates the NaOH concentration from 3% to 5% is adequate for increasing the cellulose concentration to 75% and above along with the microwave irradiation within range of 350 W to 600W. Which indicates that higher microwave irradiation favours lignin removal. This results in high power consumptions and charring of cellulose. To avoid the destruction of cellulose to an inaccessible substance, the treatment can be carried at lower power microwave irradiations under high pressures. The two response models of microwave assisted alkaline pre-treatment have shown positive influence on the removal of lignin and increased cellulose in bagasse. Thus the statistical analysis is reliable to generate the optimal conditions required for pre-treatment, the optimum condition was predicted using numerical optimization. The optimal values selected were, 6.37 g of bagasse irradiated at 350 W in 5% NaOH solution for 8.87 minutes. The predicted cellulose concentration was 81.94% and 56.6% lignin removal. The figure # represents the graph obtained using the numerical optimization methods. Figure 2. Co-operative effect of Microwave and NaOH on cellulose concentration Figure 3. Counter plot for predicted values of Lignin removal and cellulose concentration at optimized condition There was 48% loss in dry weight of the bagasse after pre-treatment at optimized conditions, which might be either due to removal of lignin or lost during the washing process after pre-treatment bagasse. The result was similar to the work done by (Farid, Noor El-Deen, Shata, 2014). Optimization of Saccharification The pre-treated bagasse was washed and further used for saccharification using the Acid cellulase. The efficiency of saccharification is evaluated by the saccharification%, it is the ratio of sugar released and the amount of polysaccharide present in the bagasse. Thus the saccharification% was used as the response factor for the statistical design used to optimize saccharification. The saccharification% response was assessed as a function of pre-treated bagasse loading (A), Acid cellulase loading (B) and time of incubation (C). The design developed using RSM and CCD is summarized in the Table # below. Table 7. Design Summary Study Type: Response Surface Runs: 20 Initial Design: Central Composite Design Model: Quadratic Factor Name Units Low Actual High Actual Low Coded High

Reverse Discrimination: The Case of Allan Bakke Essay -- History Race

Reverse Discrimination In 1973 a thirty-three year-old Caucasian male named Allan Bakke applied to and was denied admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis. In 1974 he filed another application and was once again rejected, even though his test scores were considerably higher than various minorities that were admitted under a special program. This special program specified that 16 out of 100 possible spaces for the students in the medical program were set aside solely for minorities, while the other 84 slots were for anyone who qualified, including minorities. What happened to Bakke is known as reverse discrimination. Bakke felt his rejections to be violations of the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th amendment, so he took the University of California Regents to the Superior Court of California. It was ruled that "the admissions program violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment"1 The clause reads as follows:"...No state shall make or enforce any l aw which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor without due process of the law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."2 The court ruled that race could not be a factor in admissions. However, they did not force the admittance of Bakke because the court could not know if he would have been admitted if the special admissions program for minorities did not exist. Bakke disagreed with the court on this issue and he brought it before the California Supreme Court.The California Supreme Court held that it was the University's burden to prove that Bakke would not have been admitted if the special program was not in effect. The school could not meet this requirement, and Bakke was admitted by court orde r. However, the University appealed to the Supreme Court for "certiorari", which was granted, and the order to admit Bakke was suspended pending thCourt's decision.3 The Issues and Arguments for Each Side"Bakke was the most significant civil rights case to reach the United States Supreme Court since Brown v. Board the Education of Topeka, Kansas."4 The special admissions program at Davis tried to further integrate the higher education system because merely removing the barriers, as the Brown case did, did not always work. In short, Bakke was questioning how far the Universi... ...erm, the Supreme Court will turn towards desegregation and Affirmative Action. The Freeman v. Pitts case is another recent case dealing with whether bussing is still needed to curb past discrimination.Another case that the court has accepted for this term will examine whether colleges should eliminate racial preference systems in admissions or whether quotas are still needed to further curtail the use of affirmative action. The name of this case and the specific facts, however, were unavailable at this time.9 Obviously affirmative action and reverse discrimination are still heavily debated issues. This is because they affect all people of all races and ethnicities. Conclusion Allan Bakke was denied his fourteenth amendment right to equal protection of the laws. In addition the University of California at Davis violated Title IV of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. By order of the Supreme Court Bakke was admitted and th e numerical quotas of the special admissions program were deemed unconstitutional. Justice was served to Bakke, but future generations who are not minorities may be plagued by the other half of the decision: That race may still be used as a "plus" on an application.

The Youth Development Support Services Education Essay

IntroductionThis assignment focuses on the Community of Featherstone which lies near the town of Pontefract and is situated within the Wakefield District. As portion of the young person development support services I ‘m presently working on my secondary arrangement at Featherstone Community Centre which offers a young person nine service I besides do outreach work within Featherstone 1 hr per hebdomad. Whilst working in Featherstone I have been garnering difficult and soft information gained an apprehension of the history, population and environment that immature people live in, recognizing the demands of immature people and the community lived in. The information gathered will be used to invent a programme of work to run into a peculiar demand of its occupants. The assignment will besides be used to reflect on my arrangement and meeting my acquisition demands in my function in the community of Featherstone.HistoryFeatherstone chief history focuses around the industry of coal e xcavation which can be traced back to the thirteenth century ( wakefield.gov.uk. 2009 ) 9.A Featherstone Main and Ackton Hall collieries that one time provided the town with work and was one time influential on the lives of its occupants, closed following the mineworkers ‘ work stoppage of the 1984/85. ( wakefield.gov.uk. 2009 ) 8.APopulationThe ( National Statistics 2006 ) 17 province there is a population of â€Å" 14,179 † of which there are â€Å" 6,779 † Males and 7,396, Females. 98.31 % of the cultural population is White British compared to 86.99 % uk ( National Statistics 2004 ) .16, 80.64 % of Peoples province their faith as Christian, 71.74 % England, under 1 % other faiths, over 6 % in uk 9.71 % No faith, 14.59 % in England ( National statistics 2004 ) 18 This means much of the population has a deficiency of diverse civilizations, cultural and spiritual groups. This could ensue in racial favoritism through deficiency of apprehension and instruction. Th e environment could experience estranging, uninviting, perchance scaring to other cultural or spiritual groups sing. The population of Featherstone harmonizing to ( WMDC, n.d ) 5 is worsening with a autumn in the immature people population whilst a lifting in the figure of pensionaries. This could be down to new households non settling in the country and down to the big population that worked in the mines in the up to the 80s ; this shows an addition in the demand for proviso for seniors.PoliticsFeatherstone ward is portion of the Hemsworth constituency of which labour military policeman John Trickett is the elective representative. ( Jon Trickett MP 2009 ) 7. The Featherstone ward harmonizing to Guy, P ( personal communicating 30th December 2009 ) suggests has been controlled overall by the independent party for 6 old ages, this was antecedently shared by the labor party to which antecedently had controlled the ward for decennaries. At present the elective members are party council member Roy Bickerton Mayor, Councillor Kay Binnersley and Councillor Pauline Guy. Politicss and community engagement and how it affects them, were discussed with some of the immature people during degage work. ( See brooding entering ) 1HousingWakefield gov ( n.d ) 5 provinces Home ownership in Featherstone is lower than the territory and U.K ; In fact ( National statistics 2004 ) 6 reveals 25.44 % ain their place outright, 36.07 % with a loan or mortgage compared to 29.19 % and 38.88 % in England. This is in comparing with 30.44 % that are socially rented compared with 13.21 % in England. Whilst place ownership and mortgages non excessively dissimilar to national figures, when you consider house monetary values in Featherstone are good below national norms. ?72,930 compared with ?141,108 England. ( Neighbourhood Statistics 2003 ) 4. This is a huge difference and means that occupants of Featherstone ain belongings that is of low value, country lived in i.e. revenue enhancement set and type of house. And with a big demand for societal lodging demand could be due to low paid work, unemployment, sick wellness or ageing population. The ( National Statistics 2004 ) 3 suggest Out of lodging stock of 5,913 homes, there are more terraced houses, 37.50 % compared to 24.48 % England, Than any other type of brooding in the country, and in comparing to that of detached lodging which is 17.72 % compared with 22.51 % England. The ( national statistics 2004 ) 1 besides reveal that Out of a entire population of, 14,054, 5,272 live in these 37.50 % terraced houses. In comparing to 2,771 who live in degage houses. This means that the bulk of immature people turning up in Featherstone are more likely to populate in terraced lodging which is smaller than detached places ensuing in life conditions that are less broad. When I walked around the community, in countries of societal lodging it was noticed how rundown the environment they lived in had become, this more so in Verner est ate which the positions of occupants can be heard. See brooding entering 2.EducationHarmonizing to ( Wakefield gov nd ) 10. The 2001 nose count Suggest People in Featherstone have trouble in their Educational attainment of which half of dwellers have no makings. The recent ( Ofsted, 2009 ) 12 inspection study of Featherstone high school showed each degree achieved overall mark of 2, ( good ) . But within these subdivisions it highlighted certain elements merely achieved a mark of 3 ( satisfactory ) these were- The Standards reached by scholars ; are below the national norm. Attendance of scholars, A little per centum of pupils, largely boys have hapless attitudes to acquisition and are non accomplishing has good has other pupils. How good learners develop workplace and other accomplishments that will lend to their future economic wellbeing. The study recognised some personal and societal development within school was goodHow good does the school contribute to community coherence?But â€Å" pupils ‘ consciousness and apprehension of cultural diverseness in Britain are limited † . The ( DFES, nd cited in national statistics 2006 ) 13 province that Attainment consequences in Featherstone high school 15 Year Olds Achieving 5+ A* – C GCSE are lower than national degrees in about all topics and there is a large spread in boys 30.8 % compared to girls 41.0 % . This could impact on the future employment chances of some immature people impacting on the type of work they can make from accomplishments and classs obtained, limit entry into farther instruction ( particularly university ) . Young People may happen it difficult to travel to other countries and compete for work so will be stuck in Featherstone and its low economic environment. With boys achieving less in school, could go forth a gender spread in skilled employment and consequence in low paid work.Employment/UnemploymentHarmonizing to the ( National Statistics 2004 ) 20 there were 10,120 eligible workers in Featherstone of which 6,071 are economically active, 4,049 inactive, of which 10.52 % are for good ill / disabled compared to 5.30 % England. This Numberss twice every bit much as the national norm and could be down to lifestyle, want, industrial excavation related wellness issues. In fact harmonizing to National Statistics ( 2004 ) .11 suggests Out of a population of 14,175 ther e are 2,062 with non good wellness and â€Å" 22.16 % Peoples of working age with a restricting long-run unwellness. † 7.05 % of families are non in work with dependent kids compared to 4.83 % uk. All the above figures highlight the demand for societal lodging, want of the country and the impact on some immature people belonging to those households. ( National statistics 2004 ) 15. when looking at the working population 16/ 74 Young Peoples AGED 16 – 24, 28.02 % are unemployed to which is non excessively dissimilar to 25.69 % England compared to over 50s who are 12.36 % Featherstone 18.63 % England. These statistics look as though immature people are on mean twice more likely to be unemployed as an grownup. And how for some immature people, particularly with low educational attainment will happen it difficult to do a passage from place life to independence school to work. In an interview with some immature people they stated Reflective entering 3. The types of Employment for People aged 16-74 in Featherstone ( National Statistics 2004 ) 14 is highest in: Wholesale & A ; Retail trade ; Repair of motor vehicles 21.16 % and fabrication 19.59, these are higher than in England. But in occupations like finance and concern employment in these subdivisions are lower than in the remainder of England. This could be down to educational attainment of local population, societal and economic clime and demand. When seeking to derive entree to occupations out of the country, or have entree to other communities I looked at timetables of coach and rail services to and from Featherstone and Local Transport was hapless, in footings of direct journeys to finishs out of the country. ( National Statistics 2007 ) 19 suggest 34.06 % of families do n't have a auto, 26.84 % in England which farther makes it hard and bounds motion, societal contact and occupation chances for occupants.FacilitiesThe Chesney Community Centre Mcloughlin.M ( personal communi cation,3 December 2009 ) 22 suggested that Chesneys offers big instruction with classs changing from I.T, Maths, and English to photography beauty, leting grownups to derive accomplishments, accreditation and to socialize with others ) . This could assist better the lives of households and opportunities of employment and its societal and economic wagess. When sing that 47.59 % of 16-74 year olds have no makings ( national statistics 2004 ) 21 Mcloughlin.M besides suggests the Centre offers immature people a young person nine on a Monday and Wednesday dark. And his cardinal to a detached young person programme on a Friday dark. Featherstone Sports Centre at Featherstone Technology College opens to the community at certain times and has a Sports Hall, an Aspire Suite, a floodlighted out-of-door Games Area and a Swimming Pool. ( Wakefield gov 2009 ) OAKHILL CHILDREN ‘S CENTRE beginning Offers assorted parenting classs, wellness and household support and advice. This installation could intend that immature carers ‘ , parents and kids get a good start in life. I walked around the community with a co-worker and made a recording of its comfortss and environment and a feel for the community lived in. I found that the local population had good comfortss for wellness and day-to-day life but there was a divide in environmental factors, lodging conditions and a societal integrating of some immature people ‘s based on country lived. See brooding entering 3 3. Needs in the Community Brooding entering 1, When talking with immature people around community issues they said they ‘d â€Å" felt demand † and wanted to make something about determinations that affect them and their friends in their community. Harmonizing to ( Bradshaw. J 1972 ) taxonomy of demand this is felt demand turned into an â€Å" expressed † demand, to desire to take part in determination devising and to be listened to about the determinations that affect them and their community. Brooding entering 2. Exploitation ( Bradshaw. J 1972 ) taxonomy of demand, When walking around Verner I â€Å" felt demand † to inquire occupants about the environment they lived and to show their positions on their demands. This was so turned into an â€Å" expressed demand † , occupants demanding better living conditions. This can besides be seen as a â€Å" normative demand † a opinion based on my values and cognition that immature people and their households should populate in better conditions. Besides â€Å" comparative demand † in relation to environmental services and community patroling received in comparing to life in other countries.

What Duty of Care Means in Children’s and Young People’s Settings

1, What duty of care means in children's and young people's settings. Duty of care in children's and young peoples setting means the adults providing care have to ensure the child is kept safe from any form of harm or abuse. This can include giving full attention, watching for hazards, accidents and mistakes and following correct procedures. Also ensuring the child is the most important part of your day. 2, How the duty of care contributes to the safeguarding or protection of individuals.The duty of care contributes to safeguarding by ensuring the child is happy, healthy and safe whilst in your care. This can be done by undertaking thorougher risk assessments and procedures/precautions to avoid accidents, mistakes and hazards such as making sure all equipment is clean and not broken, children are supervised at all time by staff who have the relevant checks and health standards are maintained when preparing food and changing nappies.Giving children attention and observing their behavi or also contributes to safeguarding as you will be better placed to notice any needs the child has as they develop. Task C 1, The main points of agreed procedures for handling complaints in children and young people's settings Listen to complaint Record complaint in writing including all details and facts Speak to manager Ensure person complaining knows a time frame for complaint to be investigated and dealt with Manager will then speak to relevant people, investigate and report back to complainant , How would you respond to a complaint. I would listen carefully and respectfully to the complaint, if appropriate (depending on the nature of the complaint) I would ask other members of staff if they can offer an insight as to what happened, then refer it to my manager. If the manager was not available I would take a written account of all the details/facts and contact the manager who would then investigate and report back to me and the complainant. If the complaint was a staff on staff complaint I would refer it straight to my manager.

The Doctrine of the Word of God

The Doctrine of the Word of God The world of God is often believed to be the deliverance of the God’s Spirit. Hence, the word spoken by the God is essentially the power of the word that is spoken by the God. Thus, this word is impersonal. Hence, the discourse of the word falls evenly on all the people who hear them.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Doctrine of the Word of God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Scripture, on the other hand, discusses how it will determine the responses favorably as was argued by Paul in Roman 9:1-28 (Frame 2013, 529). Thus, to demonstrate the power of the word, scripture accompanies it all the time, rendering it powerless. Does that mean that the power of God becomes negligible when there is no scripture to support it? Effectually, the above statement implies that the scripture always follows the power of the God. The intensity and the nature of the power depend on God’s intent. The word of G od is often compared to the omnipotence of the divine: as stated in Isaiah 55:11, â€Å"So shall my word be that which I purpose, and shall succeed in the thing for which I purpose, and shall succeed in thing for which I sent it† (Frame 2013, 529). The presence of power in the word of the God is essential as it is power that steers things in meaningful direction. The word of God towards Adam and Eve during the beginning of Genesis was more authoritative and imposed on the hearers to listen to the dictum attentively and respond appropriately. The presence of the God is perpetuated through the word of God. In other words, the word of God implies his presence. This has been properly described by Paul in Romans 10:6-8: But the righteousness based on faith says, â€Å"Do not say in your heart, â€Å"Who will ascend into heaven?† (that is, to bring Christ down) or â€Å"Who will descend into the abyss?† (that is, to bring Christ up from the dead). But what does it sa y? â€Å"The word is near you, in your mouth and in your heart† (that is, the word of faith that we proclaim). (Frame 2013, 531)Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, it can be stressed that the presence of Christ is through his words and the faith that we have on Him is actually the faith for His words. The Holy Spirit is also believed to be close to the word of the God. The presence of the spirit and the word is simultaneous, and one does not exist without the other. God’s word is the essence of Christian belief. The idea of God is based on his words. The word of God is believed to be able to rule all aspects of human life. The word of God is not restricted only to evangelical activity, but rather to all aspects of the life. Thus, our belief in God and our whole existence, our work, thought, what we eat or drink is dictated by the word of th e God. Hence, the scholastic work that we do is dominated by Christian beliefs and in turn by the word of the God. The Gospel is a tradition, but His word that is transferred through ancestors, the apostles, and churches, creates a criterion of discipleship dominated by a doctrine or behavior. According to a prominent scholar of recent times, Karl Barth, the revelation of God cannot be preserved and exists only in a moment of crisis and leaves us with memories and expectations (Frame 2013, 565). The sovereignty of God is established through scriptures preserved in monasteries. The scripture enunciates that God, in order to ensure the sovereignty of his revelation, established as a permanent part of the human life and not simply as a recollection. The book of the law was presented in the holiest part of the tabernacle. The permanent law of God established the sovereignty of God over other people. It is man who tries to add word, ignore it, and/or misuse the permanence of the sign: â €Å"The grass withers, the flowers fades, but the word of our God will stand forever† (from Isa. 40:8, Frame 2013, 565).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Doctrine of the Word of God specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Written prophecy by God after the time of Moses and Joshua shows that the word of God was present all throguh. The Isaiah 8:1-2 mentioend: Then the Lord said to me, â€Å"Take a large tablet and write on ti in common characters ‘Belonging to Maher-shalal-has-baz.’ And I will get reliable witnesses, Uriah the priest and Zechairiah the son of Jeberechiah, to attest for me.† (Frame 2013, 569). Thus, the ideas of a Christian would be different from that of people who are not Christians. Frame does not imply that Christians have to disagree with the non-Christian views (2013, 569). Thus, the knowledge of Christianity as discoursed through God is the word of human knowledg e. The written word of God is related to divine revelation and not to divine experience. The Genesis 8:20 points out that Noah built an alter on occasion of God delivering him from the flood (Frame 2013, 564). The revelation of Jesus is something that Paul had seen and then had spread the word. Thus Paul states, â€Å"So then, brothers, stand firm and hold to the traditions [paradosis] that you were taught by us, either by our spoken word or by our letter† (Frame 2013, 564). In Christian faith, the sovereignty of God lies not only in the control of God, but also in his conventional presence. The involvement is with the presence of authority. Authority is thus described as scripting the reformed faith and gains an abstract idea of the divine control. The most important aspect is that of presence. God’s presence is confronted through every fact, through every affair and all people. Thus, due to the presence of prevalence of the conventional lordship of God under the domi nion nothing remains in neutrality or as it is. It is during this time that the comprehensiveness of God’s power is questioned and reformed by people. The â€Å"word† is an attribute of the speech. This word when attributed to God results in his orally disseminating the message. Thus, God is a speaking person rather than an inanimate idol (Whelan 1990, 132). The word of God is not similar to God himself, but God’s word is substitutable – God accepts the word and speaks it as a dictum to all. The differences in scriptures establish little difference in the word spoken by God.Advertising Looking for research paper on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Further, there lies a difference between the unity and/or dissimilarity between God’s word and God himself. The mystery is related to that of the trinity and is reminiscent of the name or word given to the trinity i.e. Father, Son, and Holy Spirit (McNeill 1959, 141). Thus, it will not be right to equate the word with that of the second person. Thus, Jesus speaks the word but he is not the word itself. However, it must be noted that the underlying relationship that may exist between word and the holy trinity is probably beyond our understanding. The word of God is similar to that of the divine presence. The essence of divinity is imbued in the word spoken by God. Thus, the word may be treated in second person and equate to others. The texts on theology demonstrate the relation between the attributes of divinity and the essence of God. It is believed that divine attributes are not parts of God, but rather inseparable aspects of the being. These attributes are responsible for t he holiness and the wisdom of the infinite people registered in the name of God and thus becomes an inseparable entity. The attributes represent a link to holiness and that of the infinite. The purpose, therefore, is to understand the essence of wisdom through the word of God. Thus, the word and God become inseparable. The word of God and the essence of the God’s presence are not related to the creation of the Bible as the God’s mode of existence. Thus, it can be deduced that God will cease to retain his sovereign status without the presence of his words. The communication between the trinity and the ontological aspects of the life within the trinity assists in establishing the presence of God. However, it must be noted that God’s words are not strewn with speeches about the God’s creatures. It is not because that would make God dependent on his subjects. Instead, God speaks of free speech, which is not necessary for the divine being. Reference List Frame , John M. 2013. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Christian Belief. Pillipsburg, NJ: PR Publishing. McNeill, John T. 1959. The Significance of the Word of God for Calvin. Church History: Studies in Christianity and Culture 28, no. 02 (June): 131-146. Whelan, Estelle. 1990. Writing the Word of God: Some Early QurÄ n Manuscripts and Their Milieux, Part I. Ars Orientalis 20: 113-147.

What causes the 1979 rice riot in Monrovia, Liberia What are the Coursework

What causes the 1979 rice riot in Monrovia, Liberia What are the effects of this riot This is a cause and effect essay - Coursework Example Moreover, the negative effects of the rice riots continued for long period. Most importantly, the administration was forced to get down and give the way for new government. As it was resisted by the ruling regime, all intensified efforts were made to throw away the administration and in that process, the public life was paralyzed for a long period in the name of civil war. The inflation and prices of other commodities also increased considerably (AllAfrica.com, 2005). The people faced difficulty in having access to necessary services like health and education and hence their quality of life suffered severely. Hence, keeping these points in consideration, the present essay is an attempt to answer the following thesis statement. The main reason for the origin of rice riots in 1979 is the increase in rice price by 39%. The Tolbert administration wanted to increase the rice price to encourage the local rice production and to discourage the imports of rice from other nations to Liberia (Broderick, 2007). On 14th APRIL, 1979, the price of parboiled rice was hiked from $22 per 100 lb. bag of rice, to $30 which has angered the general public severely as the price rise of rice affected their daily intake and consumption of rice leading to malnutrition. They couldn’t tolerate this decision and started conducting the demonstrations in Monrovia to which the government responded with firearms. This has led to death of forty people several others were wounded which has fuelled the crisis further and civilians felt that the government was forcefully controlling them to continue the price rise of rice (Emmanuel, 2008). Moreover, the President Tolbert even called some foreign troops from neighboring Republic of Gui nea for establishing peace, but the people felt it as another forceful measure of imposing the rigid decision taken by the

Strategic Marketing Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Strategic Marketing Management - Essay Example The group was founded in the year 1968 and its first restaurant was opened up in the district of Causeway Bay of Hong Kong in the year 1969. At present, the group has over 540 retail outlets all over the world with its several brands. This paper will deal with the study and analysis of the fast food industry in Hong Kong and accordingly will penetrate into one of the strategic business units of Cafe de Coral. The strategic business units of Cafe de Coral consist of fast food, specialty restaurants, institutional catering, food processing and distribution and overseas. In this research paper, the fast food unit of Cafe de Coral at Hong Kong will be taken up for evaluation. With respect to the analysis of the industry and strategic business unit of Cafe de Coral, specific strategic direction and relevant execution explanation will be provided (Cafe de Coral, 2011). 2.0 Industry Competition The fast food industry competitiveness in Hong Kong will be discussed in this section with refere nce to the Porter’s Five Forces Model. The forces of the model consist of barriers to entry into the Hong Kong’s fast food industry, bargaining power of the buyers in the industry, bargaining power of the suppliers, threat of the substitutes in the industry and the rivalry among the existing players in the industry. 2.1 Threats of New Entrants The threats of the new entrants have to be described in terms of a few aspects for evaluating the factors totally. The aspects are the economies of scale, capital requirements, product differentiation and cost disadvantages. Taking the advantage of the economies of scale, the new entrants interested in the class of limited service restaurants can seek certain favour to economies of scale. But these advantages get weakened by the alleviation of founding a restaurant that provides quick service. Differentiating the products or the fast food being provided is a difficult task in the industry, but for private start-ups this is not a difficulty and thus not a barrier to entry. The requirements of initial capital might repress the development of nation. The cost disadvantages stem from the fact that the established companies in the fast food industry already enjoy the advantage of innovative technology, favourable sites, access to raw materials, experience and government subsidies. There is stiff competition in the Hong Kong fast food industry due to the presence of an enormous number of fast food chains and restaurants. In spite of all these facts, the strategic business unit of Cafe de Coral perceives a high future growth as the receipts of food and beverages have showed upward trend during the past years. From all these analysis, it can be inferred that the entry barriers in the Hong Kong fast food industry is not high and according to the current market condition, the SBU expects growth (ACCA, 2010). 2.2 Bargaining Power of Buyers The Hong Kong fast food industry is characterised by several individual custome rs who place pretty small orders.